• Biomass is framed as an integrated feedstock powering energy, food, and materials systems, highlighting cross-sector linkages such as bioenergy, biofuel focus, algal production, and hydrogen pathways within sustainable production [1], [2], [8], [9], [13], [17], [20].

• Bioprocess engineering dominates biomass valorization, emphasizing fermentation, bioreactors, continuous culture, cocultures, and photobiological routes as core mechanisms to convert biomass into fuels, chemicals, and bioproducts [2], [5], [6], [7], [8], [10], [12], [17].

• Conversion pathways emphasize chemical and thermal processing—hydrothermal treatment, pyrolysis, and petrochemical substitution—targeting fuels and chemicals from biomass as alternatives to conventional petrochemistry [3], [4], [7], [9].

• Production systems research foregrounds modes of production, product life cycles, and productivity within sustainable production, applying industrial organization and lifecycle concepts to biomass-driven sectors [11], [13], [15], [19].

• Economic and policy framing studies analyze production economics, agricultural economics, market structures, and policy impacts on biomass sustainability, examining cross-cutting incentives and trade-offs [1], [2], [13], [14], [15], [16].